They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他們說他們下個(gè)星期等我們?nèi)ァ?/DIV>
He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他說他不能來，因?yàn)橐_會(huì)。
1)一般時(shí)態(tài)通常表示經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，而進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)則表示在某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：
2)一般時(shí)態(tài)表示主語的固有特征、能力等，而進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)則表示主語在某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)所進(jìn)行的具體動(dòng)作。如：
[注] 并不是所有的動(dòng)詞都能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如表達(dá)狀態(tài)、感情和感覺的某些動(dòng)詞，通常只能用一般時(shí)態(tài)而不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如"know"(知道)一般就不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。這類動(dòng)詞還有be(是)，have(有)，1ove (愛)，hate(恨)，want(想要)，1ike(喜歡)，think(認(rèn)為)，believe(相信)，see(看見)，hear(聽見)等。
1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示此時(shí)此刻(說話人說話時(shí))正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它并不表明這一動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)候開始，到什么時(shí)候結(jié)束。漢語常用"(正)在"或"著"來表示這種時(shí)間關(guān)系。如：
2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，雖然此時(shí)此刻這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能并不在進(jìn)行。如：
3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，有"意圖"或"打算"的含義(用于go，come，stay，1eave，start等表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞)。如：
What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.這個(gè)星期天你要干什么?我要和妻子和女兒去野餐。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(past continuous tense)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八點(diǎn)鐘我正在練習(xí)小提琴。
When Walter arrived home，his sister was doing her homework.沃爾特到家時(shí)，他妹妹正在做作業(yè)。
Pat was watching TV all evening. 帕特整個(gè)晚上都在看電視。
We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨晚七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)我們?cè)诖驋叽蠖Y堂。
1)表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞go，come，start，stay，leave等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，可以表示過去將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他們想知道我們什么時(shí)候到上海去。
2)動(dòng)詞go的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)加動(dòng)詞不定式，可以表示在過去某一時(shí)間之后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。(比較8.24的3)如：
She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.她說外賓要去參觀上海工業(yè)展覽會(huì)。
The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us.班長宣布新老師要跟我們講話。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.那是一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚。風(fēng)刮得很厲害，雨下得很大。一個(gè)年輕婦女突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上。這就是喜兒。她剛從黃世仁的家里逃了出來。
過去一般時(shí)通常表示過去發(fā)生的一個(gè)單純的事實(shí)，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)在這一過程中所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或展開的情景。試比較：
We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我們?cè)谛匏娬尽?意即去冬我們一直在修水電站，修完與否不詳)
I wrote a letter home last night. 昨晚我寫了一封家信。(意即)昨晚我做了這件事，信寫完了。)
I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨晚我在給我的美國筆友寫信。(意即昨晚我一直在寫信，不一定寫完)
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(future continuous tense)表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
1)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式由助動(dòng)詞be的將來式，即shall be(第一人稱)或will be(第二、三人稱)加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。美國英語一律用will。
過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在對(duì)過去某一時(shí)間而言的將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
1)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式由should be(第一人稱)或wonld be(第二、三人稱)加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。美國英語一律用wonld。
They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他們說他們下個(gè)星期等我們?nèi)ァ?/DIV>
b)表示在過去某一時(shí)間之后即將或按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他說他不能來，因?yàn)橐_會(huì)。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]完成時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（Present perfect tense）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系，即用一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作來說明現(xiàn)在的情況。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由動(dòng)詞have (has) + 過去分詞構(gòu)成。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法
1)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛完成，漢語常用"了"或"過"來表示。如：
I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。
We have set up many new factories in this area.我們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)建立了許多新工廠。
She has read all these books.她把這些書都讀完了。
2)動(dòng)作在過去完成，表示"經(jīng)驗(yàn)"或"結(jié)果"。漢語常用"過"來表示。如：
Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House? 你看過話劇《傀儡家庭》嗎?
Yes，I have seen it twice.我看過兩遍了。
I have learnt to drive.我學(xué)過開車。
The man has lived in China.那人在中國住過。
[注] 注意be在下面句子中的意義。如：
Where have you been? －I've been to the laboratory.你上哪兒去了?--到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去了。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? ―No，I've never been there.你到過杭州嗎?--沒到過。
How have you been?－I've been well thank you.你近來身體好嗎?--謝謝你，我近來很好。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去一般時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去一般時(shí)都表示在過去完成的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響等，而過去一般時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，一般不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：
1)I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。(意即還沒找到，現(xiàn)在我沒有筆用。)
She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把筆丟了。(筆是昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否，沒有說明。)
2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看過這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會(huì)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我知道它的內(nèi)容)
I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周參觀了這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會(huì)。(只說明我上周參觀過展覽會(huì)這件事)
3) Who has opened the door? 誰把門開了?(現(xiàn)在門還開著)
Who opened the door? 誰開的門?(指過去，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)�，F(xiàn)在門是關(guān)著還是開著，沒有說明。)
4) A：Have you had your lunch? 你吃過年飯沒有?(意即你現(xiàn)在不餓嗎?)
B：Yes，I have.吃了。(意即我現(xiàn)在飽了，不要再吃了。)
A：When did you have it 你什么時(shí)候吃的?(說話人感興趣的是"吃"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在什么時(shí)候。)
B：I had it about half an hour ago.我是大約半小時(shí)前吃的。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的其他用法
1)還可表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。這時(shí)常和since所引導(dǎo)的短語或從句或for引導(dǎo)的短語連用(for有時(shí)可以省去)。
How long have you been in Beijing ? －I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?--我在北京呆了四年。
Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾薩克的父親從一九六八年以來就當(dāng)教師。
We haven't had a vacation for a long time.我們好久沒放假了。
Three years have passed since we left school.我們畢業(yè)已經(jīng)三年了。
[注]但在下面的句子中，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如：
It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在國營農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作已經(jīng)三年了。(美國英語用has been，下例同此)
It's a long time since I saw you last.好久沒見了。
2)在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中表示將來完成的動(dòng)作。
I'll go with you when I have finished my home work，我做完作業(yè)后就和你一塊去。
We'll wait here until you have Written the letter.我們將在這里等你寫完信。
Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我學(xué)完兩午后，懂的英語或許就會(huì)多些了。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語問題
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況，是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因此不能和表示過去時(shí)間的狀語如yesterday，1asr month，three years ago，in l960等連用。這些時(shí)間狀語只能和過去時(shí)態(tài)連用，表示過去的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和表示過去時(shí)間的副詞just和before連用。如：
He has just come.他剛到。
We have seen the movie before，我們以前看過這個(gè)電影。
2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和表示不確定的時(shí)間的副詞already，never，ever，always，yet，not...yet，often等連用。如：
Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐過飛機(jī)嗎?
The new books have not arrived yet.新書還沒有到。
The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙群島一直是中國的領(lǐng)土。
Have you heard from him yet? 你接到他的信了嗎?
They have already finished their experiment.他們已經(jīng)做完試驗(yàn)了。
Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.許多西方人從沒見過大熊貓。
We have often been to the Summer Palace.我們常到頤和園去玩。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和包括"現(xiàn)在"在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now，today，this month，this year等。如：
We have planted many fruit trees this year.我們今年種了很多果樹。
Have you seen Benny today? 你今天見到本尼了嗎?
We've had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得很多。
但如說話人所感興趣的只是在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生了某一動(dòng)作，而不是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系時(shí)，須用過去時(shí)態(tài)。如：
The conference opened this month.會(huì)議是本月開幕的。
Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他們農(nóng)場(chǎng)今年新修了一個(gè)抽水站。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和疑問副詞where，why，how連用，但通常不和疑問副詞when連用
(when一般只與過去時(shí)態(tài)連用)。如：
Where have you been? 你去哪兒了?(詢問經(jīng)過情況。如說Where did you go?則只問地點(diǎn))
Why have you turned off the radio? 你干嗎把收音機(jī)關(guān)了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，意即收音機(jī)關(guān)著。如說Why did you turn off the radio?則強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)收音機(jī)這一過去的動(dòng)作。)
過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式
過去完成時(shí)(past perfect tense)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。簡言之，過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間就是"過去的過去"。過去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had + 過去分詞構(gòu)成。
過去完成時(shí)的用法
1)過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示。如：
By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末為止，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了十課書。
He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他來學(xué)院之前學(xué)過一些英語。
I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我沒去看電影，因?yàn)檫@片子我已看過兩次了。
When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我復(fù)習(xí)完功課之后，休息了一會(huì)兒。
I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把給妹妹買的花送給她。
In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展覽廳里見到許多過去從未見過的油畫。
2)過去完成時(shí)可以表示由過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，常和for(有時(shí)可以省去)或since構(gòu)成的短語或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。如：
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。
By the I read his new book， I had known him for a long time.到我讀他的新書時(shí)，我早就知道他了。
He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since，1980. 他說7980年以來他的家鄉(xiāng)大變樣了。
[注]當(dāng)一個(gè)由when，before，after，as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作緊接時(shí)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用"一般過去時(shí)"來表示。如：
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后，我們吃早飯。
When I finished supper，I took a walk.我晚飯后就去散步。
The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月臺(tái)時(shí)火車剛開走。
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他們一到地里就開始耕地。
將來完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式
將來完成時(shí)(future perfect tense)表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前所完成的動(dòng)作。它的形式由shall(第一人稱)或will(第二、三人稱)加have再加過去分詞所構(gòu)成。美國英語一律用will。
將來完成時(shí)的用法
將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
By the end of this week， I shall have finished the book.到本周末，我將讀完這本書。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天這時(shí)候，他們將修好這臺(tái)機(jī)器。
The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home.到我們回家時(shí)，孩子們將已睡了。
When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.你今晚八點(diǎn)鐘來時(shí)，我將會(huì)寫完文章了。
By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我們的老師將已教二十年英語了。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
過去將來完成時(shí)
過去將來完成時(shí)(past future perfect tense)表示在過去將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。它的形式由should(第一人稱)或Would(第二、三人稱)加have再加過去分詞構(gòu)成。美國英語一律用Would。
用法舉例：
He said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week.他說將在周末前還我錢。
We told him that we should have returned to the camp by four o'clock.我們告訴他我們將于四點(diǎn)前回營地。
I hoped she would have finished the work before I got back.我希望她在我回來之前做完那活兒。
種類
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)四種。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1)表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在�，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)終止，也可能仍然在進(jìn)行著。如：
I have been waiting for you for two hours.我等了你兩個(gè)小刊(動(dòng)作不再延續(xù)下去)
It has been raining for three hours.雨已經(jīng)下了三小時(shí)了。(動(dòng)作可能延續(xù))
He has been working on the paper all day.他整天都在寫論文(動(dòng)作是否延續(xù)下去，由上下文決定。)
How long have you been learning English? --I have been learning English for two years.你英語學(xué)多久了?--我們學(xué)了兩年了。(動(dòng)作可能延續(xù))
Why are you so dirty － I've been playing football.你身上怎么這樣臟?--我剛才踢足球了。(動(dòng)作不再延續(xù)下去)
2)有些不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如be，have like，love，know，see，hesr等，同樣也不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，而只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
She has been ill for a long time.她已經(jīng)病了好久了。
I have not seen you for ages.我好久沒有見到你了。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作，到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示動(dòng)作仍然繼續(xù)下去。如：
I have been reading Lu Xun this week.本周我一直在讀魯迅的著作。(我仍然在讀。)
I have read A Madman is Diary this week.我本周讀了《狂人日記》。(我本周開始讀而且已經(jīng)讀完它了。)
I have read The story of Ah Q before.我以前讀過《阿Q正傳》。(過去經(jīng)歷)
2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的最后結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的直接結(jié)果。如：
Now we have cleaned the room，we can move the things in.房間已打掃過了，我們可以把東西搬進(jìn)去了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)最終結(jié)果)You look so tired. What have you been doing? 你看來很累的樣子，你干什么來著?(強(qiáng)調(diào)直接結(jié)果)
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(past perfect continuous tense)
1)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式一律為had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞，無人稱和數(shù)的區(qū)別。
2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始并延續(xù)到過去這個(gè)時(shí)間，這一動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行，也可能已經(jīng)停止。如：
He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.他對(duì)我說他等了我兩小時(shí)。(動(dòng)作不再延續(xù))
The baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in.媽媽進(jìn)來時(shí)，嬰兒一直哭了十五分鐘。(動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行)
It seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time.她似乎覺得這些男孩一直叫喊了很久。(動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行)
The teacher had been teaching for forty years by the time he retired，這位教師退休前一直教了四十年的書。(動(dòng)作不再進(jìn)行)
[英語語法手冊(cè)]何謂"時(shí)態(tài)的一致"
定義
某些從句(主要是賓語從句)中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，常常受主句中謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響，這叫做時(shí)態(tài)的一致(sequence of tenses)。
主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí)
從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。如：
He says his father is (was，will be)an engineer.他說他父親是(過去是，將來要做)一個(gè)工程師。
Can you tell me when you finished (will finish) the work? 你可否告訴我你什么時(shí)候完成的(會(huì)完成)這項(xiàng)工作?
主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)
從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般須用過去時(shí)態(tài)。這又可分為下面三種情況：
1)如果從句里的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句須用過去一般時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
He told me he was unwell.他告訴我他不大舒服。
She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment. 她說她弟弟正在讀一本雜志。
2)如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，從句須用過去完成時(shí)。如：
He said he had posted the letter.他說他已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了。
Our teacher told us he had been to lndia.我們老師說他到過印度。
3)如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞須用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他們不知道什么時(shí)候去參觀長城。
He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.他說他畢業(yè)后要當(dāng)演員。
[注]主句的謂語動(dòng)詞如是過去時(shí)態(tài)，還須注意下面兩種特殊情況：
1)從句所說明的如果是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，則仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老師告訴學(xué)生地球是球形體的。
Somebody told me you an a writer.有人告訴我說你是一個(gè)作家。
2)從句如果有表示某一具體時(shí)間的狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作雖發(fā)生在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，一般仍用過去一般時(shí)，不用過去完成時(shí)。如：
The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921. 老師告訴學(xué)生中國共產(chǎn)黨于一九二一年在上海誕生。
My father told me that my grandfather was born in l900.我父親告訴我，我祖父生于一九OO年。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞的形式與作用
1)英語常用的助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助動(dòng)詞一般無詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語動(dòng)詞。助動(dòng)詞在句中的作用，在于幫助構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)等。如：
China has entered a great new era. 中國已進(jìn)入了一個(gè)偉大的新時(shí)期。(幫助構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài))
Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (幫助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
Mother is written by Gorky. 《母親》是高爾基寫的。 (幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài))
We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我們就賽足球。(幫助構(gòu)成將來時(shí)態(tài)和否定結(jié)構(gòu))
Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思嗎?(幫助構(gòu)成疑問結(jié)構(gòu))
[注]在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，not須放在助動(dòng)詞后面。
2)助動(dòng)詞加not一般都有簡略式，用于口語中。如：
is not-isn't would not--wouldn't
are not--aren't [B:nt] have not--haven't
was not -- wasn't has not--hasn't
were not-- weren't [wE:nt] had not--hadn't
shall not--shan't [FB:nt] do not--don't [dEunt]
will not--won't [wEunt] does not--doesn't
should not--shouldn't did not--didn't
be
助動(dòng)詞
be的形式變化和動(dòng)詞be。be作為助動(dòng)詞的用法有下列幾種：
1)be后跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 可以構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：
The driver is cleaning the car.司機(jī)在擦車。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我們?cè)谟懻撘粋�(gè)新的計(jì)劃。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我國婦女在社會(huì)主義建設(shè)中正起著重要的作用。
2) be后跟動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.許多消費(fèi)品都是尼龍作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此舉行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理內(nèi)部停止?fàn)I業(yè)。
3)be加動(dòng)詞不定式 有下列各種用法：
a)表示未來的安排或計(jì)劃。如：
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表團(tuán)定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回來。
b)表示必要或命令或問對(duì)方的意志。如：
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你們明天要交練習(xí)。
Where am I to put these tools? 這些工具應(yīng)該放在什么地方?
What is to be done?怎么辦?
c)表示"可能"，與can或may相仿。如：
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能斷定他今晚是否能來。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪兒也找不著我的鑰匙。
d) be + about + 動(dòng)詞不定式則表計(jì)劃即將，如：
The meeting is about to begin.會(huì)議即將開始。
have
的過去式是had。Have (had)作為助動(dòng)詞和過去分詞一起，構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我認(rèn)識(shí)史密斯先生已經(jīng)四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他還沒有決定呢。
A woman came in with a baby，who had just swallowed a safety pin.一個(gè)婦女帶進(jìn)來一個(gè)剛吞進(jìn)一個(gè)別針的嬰兒。
[注] have的簡略式是've，has的簡略式是's，had的簡略式是'd，如
I've，you've，he's，I'd，we'd，he'd，they'd等。
do
的過去式是did。do (did)作為助動(dòng)詞，有下列一些用法：
1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過去一般時(shí)的疑問句和否定句。如：
Do you know each other? 你們兩人認(rèn)識(shí)嗎?
How do you find the climate here? 你覺得這里的氣候怎么樣?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早飯后她沒有去醫(yī)院，她照常上班去了。
2)構(gòu)成否定的祈使句。如：
Don't be so careless.不要那么粗枝大葉。
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困難只管來。
3)加強(qiáng)陳述句和祈使句的語氣。如：
I do think he is right.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是對(duì)的。
Do come often.一定常來呀。
Do ask，if you have any questions.如果有問題，務(wù)必提出。
4)用于倒裝句中。如：
Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那時(shí)，我才了解到科學(xué)的重要性。
Never did I expect to see him there.我從未想到會(huì)在那里看到他。
5)還可用來代替主要?jiǎng)釉~，以避免重復(fù)。較常用在簡略答語中。如：
Does he also study geography?他也學(xué)地理嗎? ――Yes，he does.是的，他也學(xué)地理。
Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes，it did。上星期雪下得多嗎? --是的，下得很多。
He works even harder than you do. 他比你還要用功。
[注] 上面最后一句中的do應(yīng)喚作替代詞，只是為了初學(xué)者的方便而放在助動(dòng)詞項(xiàng)下。
shall和Will
助動(dòng)詞
shall本身沒有詞義，只用在第一人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多為will所代替)。在將來一般時(shí)中，shall后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：
I shall think it over.我要好好考慮一下。
Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.你別擔(dān)心。我們都會(huì)告訴你的。
助動(dòng)詞
will本身沒有詞義，只用在第二、三人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中。will在將來一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：
He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下個(gè)月將是二十五歲。
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你們明天有英語考試。
The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天氣預(yù)報(bào)明天有大雨。
should和would
助動(dòng)詞
should是shall的過去式，它本身沒有詞義，用于第一人稱的過去將來時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多用would)。should在過去將來一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我們被告知那天夜里我們就要看見寶島了。
助動(dòng)詞
would是will的過去式，它本身沒有詞義，用于第二、三人稱的過去將來時(shí)態(tài)中。would在過去將來一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：
He said that he would always remember that day.他說他將永遠(yuǎn)記住那一天。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞概述
特征
1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(modal verb)本身有詞義，表示說話人的語氣或情態(tài)，但詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)用作謂語動(dòng)詞，一般只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表示的情態(tài)有：命令、允諾、請(qǐng)求、拒絕、愿望、愿意、義務(wù)、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。
3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(ought除外)和助動(dòng)詞shall，will，should，would一樣，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式一般皆不帶。
形式變化
1)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，第三人稱單數(shù)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)也無變化。如：
I can We can
You can You can
He
They can
She can
It
2)有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式，有少數(shù)過去式和它的原形相同。
a)有過去式的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：
may -- would
can ―― could
may―― night
shall -- should
have to -- had to
b)過去式不變的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：
must - must (或had to)
ought to - ought to
need---need
dare - dare(亦可用dared)
3)大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面可用動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)形式，如：can(may，must)be doing，can(may，must) have done，can(may，must)be done等。
否定式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞一樣，后面可直接跟否定詞not。現(xiàn)將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式及其否定式的簡略式(簡略式用于口語中)列舉如下：
shall not--shan't [FB:nt]
will not---won't [wEunt]
can not-can't [kB:nt]
must not-mustn't [5mQsnt]
should not-- shouldn't
would not-- wouldn't
could not-- could,n't
dare not- daren't [dZEnt]
need not-- needn't
在疑問句中的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在疑問句中的用法和助動(dòng)詞相同。如：
May I ask you a question? 我可以問你一個(gè)問題嗎?
Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 你能把字典借我用一會(huì)兒嗎?
Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 你想?yún)⒂^重型機(jī)器廠嗎?
注意have to在疑問句中的位置。如：
Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去嗎?
Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完這項(xiàng)工作不可嗎?
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞－－can, could
can和could
can的詞義
表示體力或腦力方面的"能力"或客觀上的"可能"。如：
Can you ride a bike? Yes，I can.你能騎自行車嗎?是的，我能騎。
Can Mr. Smith use chopsticks? No，he can't . 史密斯先生會(huì)用筷子嗎?不，他不會(huì)。
Most women here can read and write now.這里的多數(shù)婦女都能識(shí)字，也會(huì)寫字。
In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields. 在中國，荒山也能變成良田。
can用在否定句和疑問句中時(shí)
在這種句子中，can�？梢庵^"可能"，表示猜測(cè)和推理。如：
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經(jīng)六點(diǎn)鐘了吧?
You can't be hungry so soon，Tom. You've just had lunch. 頓姆，你不可能餓得這么快，你剛吃過午飯。
She cannot be so careless. 她不可能這么粗心。
Where can he be? 他會(huì)在什么地方呢?
What can he mean? 他會(huì)是什么意思呢?
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經(jīng)是六點(diǎn)鐘了吧?
[注一] can加動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也可表示"可能"。如：
What can he be doing all this time? 他一直會(huì)是在干什么呢?
She cannot be playing ping-pong now.她現(xiàn)在不可能在打乒乓球。
[注二] 在日常會(huì)話中，can可代替may表示"允許"，may比較正式，如：
You can drop in any time. 你隨時(shí)都可以來串門。
Can I use your basin? of course，you can.我可以用你的臉盆嗎?--當(dāng)然可以。
You can have my seat，I'm going now.我要走了，你坐我的座位吧。
Could
could是Call的過去式，表示與過去有關(guān)的1)能力和2)可能(在否定和疑問句中)。如：
1)We were sure that he could do the work. 我們肯定他能做這工作。
He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school. 他是個(gè)雇農(nóng)，他供不起兒子上學(xué)。
2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那時(shí)我們以為所說的事不可能是真的。
[注] could可代替can表示現(xiàn)在，但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)。如：
could you wait half an hour?請(qǐng)你等半個(gè)小時(shí)好嗎?
could you please ring up again at six? 六點(diǎn)鐘請(qǐng)你再來電話好嗎?
could we visit a kindergarten? I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我們可以訪問一個(gè)幼兒園嗎?我自從到中國來以后，一直想看一所幼兒園。
[注二]表示過去的能力并已完成一具體動(dòng)作時(shí)須用were (was) able (to)，不可用could。如：
I am glad we were able to catch the train. 我很高興我們能趕上火車。但如未完成一具體動(dòng)作，則可用could not。如：
I am sorry we couldn't (或weren't able to) catch the train.我很遺憾我們沒有能趕上火車。
can的形式
can只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式，能表示現(xiàn)在一般和過去一般兩種時(shí)態(tài)，有時(shí)也能表示將來。所有其他時(shí)態(tài)(包括將來)須用be able加動(dòng)詞不定式來表示。如：
With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days. 有他們的協(xié)助，我們將會(huì)在幾天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
They have not been able to come to Boston. 他們沒有能到波斯頓來。
Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening.約翰遜先生剛來電話，說今天晚上他來不了。
can，could用于否定或疑問句中
can (could)用于否定或疑問句中后面跟動(dòng)詞原形的完成式時(shí)，表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生事件的"可能性"。而could較can更加表示說話人的"不肯定的"語氣。如：
Can he have left already? 他會(huì)是走了嗎?
Could she have forgotten my address? 她會(huì)把我的地址忘記了嗎?
It couldn't have been henry. He has gone to the factory. 不可能是亨利，他已經(jīng)去工廠了。
Surely she can not have arrived so early. 他當(dāng)然不可能這么早到這里的。
[注] could加動(dòng)詞的完成式時(shí)，有時(shí)表示"過去可能完成但事實(shí)上并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作"。如：
You could have done the work better.你本來可以做得更好些。(事實(shí)上你做得不那么好)
You could have got the early train.你本來可以搭上早班火車的。(事實(shí)上沒搭上)
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--must
must
must的詞義
must表示"必須"或"應(yīng)當(dāng)"。如：
I must leave at 9:00我必須在九點(diǎn)鐘離開這里。
Soldiers must obey orders.士兵必須服從命令。
You must get to the stallion before three o'clock. 你必須在三點(diǎn)鐘以前到達(dá)車站。
You must come earlier tomorrow.你明天得早點(diǎn)來。
must的否定式
must的否定形式must not表示"不應(yīng)該"或
"不許可"，語氣比較強(qiáng)烈。如：
We mustn't waste our time. 我們不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)我們的時(shí)間。
Passengers must not walk across the railway line.旅客不要橫穿鐵路。
You mustn't miss that modern ballet，It is extremely good. 你可不要錯(cuò)過這個(gè)現(xiàn)代芭蕾舞劇，它好極了。
One must not divorce oneself from the masses.不應(yīng)該脫離群眾。
[注]說"不必"須用need not。如：
Must we hand in our exercises today? －No，You needn't.我們必須今天交練習(xí)嗎? --不，不必今天交。
must也可表示過去
must只有現(xiàn)在式，通常用以表示現(xiàn)在，但有時(shí)也可以表示過去(多用在間接引語中)。如：
He told us we must all be ready by nine.他告訴我們?cè)诰劈c(diǎn)鐘以前都得準(zhǔn)備好。
It was too late to go back，we must go on.太晚了，回不去了，我們只有繼續(xù)往前走。
[注] have to (必須)則可以表示各種時(shí)間。如：
I am afraid You will have to wait a while.我看你得等一會(huì)兒。
At every step I had to pull my legs out of the snow.我每走一步都得將雙腿從雪中拔出來。
must也可表示說話人對(duì)事物的推測(cè)
但比may肯定得多，相當(dāng)于漢語的"一定"或"準(zhǔn)是"。如：
He must be in the library now. 他現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)是在圖書館。
The old man must be over seventy now.那老人準(zhǔn)有七十多歲了。
She must know how to do farm work. 她一定懂得怎樣干農(nóng)活。
You ate very little at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.
你今天早餐吃得很少，現(xiàn)在一定餓了。
[注] must加動(dòng)詞原形的進(jìn)行式，也可表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，有"一定"、"準(zhǔn)是"的意思。如：
She must be working on the experimental plot.她現(xiàn)在一定在試驗(yàn)田里工作。
must加動(dòng)詞原形的完成式
說明對(duì)過去事物的推測(cè)，表示"一定"或"準(zhǔn)是"的意思。如：
I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She must have received it.
我是兩星期以前發(fā)的信，她一定已經(jīng)收到了。
She must have studied English before. 她以前一定學(xué)過英語。
How did you know about it? Somebody must have told you. 你怎么知道這事的?一定有人告訴你了。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--may, might
may和might
may表示"允許"或"請(qǐng)求"
May I come in? －Yes，do. 我可以進(jìn)來嗎?--請(qǐng)進(jìn)。
May I borrow you raincoat? 我可以借用你的雨衣嗎?
You may go now. 你現(xiàn)在可以走了。
You may ring us up any time during office hours.在辦公時(shí)間你可以隨時(shí)給我們打電話。
[注] may表示"允許"的否定形式是must not(不應(yīng)該，不許可)。如：
May I take this book out of the reading-room? －No，you mustn't. 我可以把這本書拿出閱覽室嗎? --不行。
may還可表示說話人的猜測(cè)，認(rèn)為某一事情"或許"或"可能"發(fā)生
We may call on you this evening.我們也許今天晚上來看你。
She may not go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去聽音樂會(huì)了。
The news may or may not be true. 消息也許是真的，也許不是真的。
[注] may用在感嘆句中可表示祝愿，愿望如：
May you succeed.祝你成功。
May you have a pleasant journey.一路平安。
might為may的過去式
The speaker said we might ask him any question.作報(bào)告的人說我們可以向他提任何問題。
He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunday. 他說他星期天可能去參觀故宮博物院。
[注一]night也可代替may，表示現(xiàn)在，但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣或更加不肯定。如：
He night not come today.今天他也許不來了。
Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提個(gè)建議嗎?
[注二]might用來表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)，還可表示"規(guī)勸"，如：
You might，pay more attention to spoken English.你要更多地注意英語口語。
You might shut the windows. The wind is blowing so hard outside.關(guān)上窗戶吧。外面風(fēng)很大。
may (might)后加動(dòng)詞的完成式
表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某一事情在過去"可能"發(fā)生。這里may和might都指過去，不過might較為含蓄委婉或更加不肯定(常用于肯定結(jié)構(gòu))。如：
Nick may (might) have gone to the library.尼克可能到圖書館去了。
Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend.
我們的經(jīng)理上周末可能已經(jīng)去哈爾濱了。
She may (might) have missed the plane.她也許沒趕上飛機(jī)。
[注一] may和might常用在so that和in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中(現(xiàn)在英語中還經(jīng)常用can)。如：
Write is in simple language in order that everybody may understand it. 為了大家都看得懂，你要用簡明的文字寫。
He died，so that others night 1iye.他為了別人而犧牲了。
[注三] might加動(dòng)詞的完成式，可說明某一事情在過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)并含有"勸告"甚至"責(zé)備"的意思。如：
You might have told me earlier.你本來可以早點(diǎn)告訴我的。
You might have been more careful.你本來可以多加小心。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞－－h(huán)ave to
have to
have to加動(dòng)詞原形
表示"不得不"、"必須"的概念。它比must更含有"客觀條件使得必須如此做"的意思，并有較多的時(shí)態(tài)。如：
Mr. Johnson has to work very hard to earn a living.約翰遜先生為了謀生不得不拼命干活。
I had to leave the party early last night. I wasn't very well.昨晚我只得早點(diǎn)離開晚會(huì)，我不大舒服。
We will have to get up very early tomorrow.我們明天必須起得很早。
I shall have to go to the clinic today for my bad cough.我咳嗽得厲害，今天必須去診療所看看。
[注]口語中的I have got to，you have got to等：I have to，you have to. Have I got to?和Do I have to?這兩種疑問形式均可用。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--shall
shall
shall作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于第二、三人稱
可表示說話人給對(duì)方的"命令"、"警告"、"允諾"、"威脅"等概念。如：
You shall do it，whether you want to or not. 不管你愿意不愿意，你必須做這項(xiàng)工作。(命令)
You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.這本書我一看完就給你。(允諾)
You shall pay for it.你一定會(huì)受到懲罰的。(威脅)
在疑問句中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall用于第一、三人稱
表示說話人征求對(duì)方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。如：
What shall I do now? 我現(xiàn)在該做什么?
Shall we go for a walk? 我們?nèi)ド⒉胶脝?
Shall he come tomorrow? 你要他明天來嗎?
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--should
should
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Should表示"勸告"、 "建議 "時(shí)
這時(shí)should常譯作 "應(yīng)當(dāng)"。如：
We Should learn about the computer and make full use of it.我們應(yīng)該了解計(jì)算機(jī)并加以充分利用。
You should listen to the doctor's advice.你應(yīng)當(dāng)聽大夫的話。
You should study the article care fully. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)細(xì)，心學(xué)習(xí)這篇文章。
should還可以表示 "預(yù)測(cè)"、"可能"
They should be here by now.他們現(xiàn)在可能到了。
The reference book should be in the reading-room.這本參考書可能在閱覽室里。
should有時(shí)表示說話人的感情如驚奇、憤怒、失望等
Why should I go? 我干嗎要去?(不滿)
I am sorry that he Should be so obstinate.我很遺憾，他竟這樣固執(zhí)。(失望)
It's strange that it should be so hot today.很怪，今天怎么這么熱。(驚奇)
should后跟動(dòng)詞的完成式時(shí)
這時(shí)句子指的是過去的事情。如果是肯定句，常說明某件事本應(yīng)完成而未完成；如果是否定句，表示發(fā)生了不應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)生的事情.如：
You should have stopped at in red light. 你見了紅燈本應(yīng)該停車。
You Should not have gone back to work without the doctor's permission.你不應(yīng)當(dāng)未經(jīng)醫(yī)生許可就回去工作。
He Should have come earlier. 他應(yīng)早一點(diǎn)來。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--will
Will
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Will
可用于各人稱，表示 "意志"、"意愿"、"決心"、"允諾"等。如：
I will try. 我愿一試。
I will do my best. 我一定盡力而為。
We will never do it again. 我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再做此事了。
Which will you fake?你要哪一個(gè)?
Who will go with me? 誰愿和我一同去?
will在疑問句中用子第二人稱時(shí)
這時(shí)句子表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問。如：
Will you please explain the sentence once more?請(qǐng)你再把這個(gè)句子解釋一遍好嗎?
Will you have western food or Chinese food，Mr. Smith? 史密斯先生，你吃西餐還是中餐?
Will you pass me the butter? 請(qǐng)你把黃油遞給我好嗎?
注意下面句中的won't亦表請(qǐng)求：
Won't you come in ?請(qǐng)進(jìn)來好嗎?
[注一] 在條件狀語從句中須用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表將來，但當(dāng)will用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表意愿時(shí)，則亦可用于條件狀語從句，如I'll be glad if you will come.(你如愿來，我將會(huì)很高興)。
[注二]will在下面句子中 = I suppose(我猜想)或probably(大概)。如：
This will be the room you are looking for. 這大概就是你要找的那個(gè)房間。
You will remember the story I told you the other day.你們大概還記得我那天給你們講的那個(gè)故事。
[注三]will有時(shí)表示一種習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
Water will boil at 100 degrees Centigrade.水總是在攝氏100度煮沸。
Boys will be boys.男孩子總是男孩子。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--would
Would
是will的過去式，可用于各人稱，表示過去時(shí)間的"意志"、"愿望"和 "決心"等。如：
He declared that he would do everything to help us. 他說要盡一切可能來幫助我們。
I told peter that I would go along wit him.我告訴彼得我要跟他一塊去。
All in e doctors and nurses told Dr. Bethune not to give his own blood to the wounded, but he wouldn't listen.和護(hù)士勸白求恩大夫不要把自己的血輸給傷員，但是他不聽。
would用來表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間時(shí)
這時(shí)would不論是表達(dá)說話人本身的意志或向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求，均較will婉轉(zhuǎn)。如：
Would you tell us something about yourself? 請(qǐng)跟我們談?wù)勀阕约汉脝?
Would you like to have a glass of wine? 你要喝杯酒嗎?
Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop? 請(qǐng)告訴我去最近的公共汽車站怎么走好嗎?
Would you mind helping me with my packing? 請(qǐng)你幫我打打行李好嗎?
[注]在日常會(huì)話中，I would like to和I should like to都可以說，I would like的簡略式為I'd like。如：
I should (would) like to have a look at the new television set.我想看看這架新電視機(jī)。
I'd like to borrow a copy of Alice in Wonderland.我要借一本《愛麗絲漫游奇境記》。
Would還可以表示過去習(xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess.我發(fā)現(xiàn)退休的人經(jīng)常到公園里下棋。
When he had a problem to solve，he would work at it until he found an answer.當(dāng)他有個(gè)問題要解決時(shí)，他總是想辦法一直到找到答案為止。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--ought
ought
ought只有一種形式，后面須跟帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。Ought表示"有義務(wù)或必要"做某件事，還可表示"勸告"。如：.
You ought to follow the old man's advice.你應(yīng)當(dāng)聽那位老人的話。
You oughtn't to smoke so much.你不應(yīng)當(dāng)抽煙太多。
You ought to go to the clinic at once. You don't look well.你臉色不好，應(yīng)該馬上到醫(yī)務(wù)室去。
[注]ought表示"應(yīng)該"，語氣比should 強(qiáng)。
ought后加動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式時(shí)
指過去的動(dòng)作。如用肯定形式(ought to have done)，表示某一件事該做而未做，相當(dāng)于should have done。如用否定形式(ought not to have done)，則表示一件不該做的事情發(fā)生了，相當(dāng)于should not have done。如：
He ought to have done the exercise more carefully.這個(gè)練習(xí)他應(yīng)當(dāng)作得更細(xì)心一些。
I ought to have returned these books to the library last week. 我上星期就應(yīng)當(dāng)把這些書還給圖書館。
You ought not to have been so rude.你不該這樣粗魯。
You ought not to have taken his skates without asking him.你不該沒有得到他的許可就把他的冰鞋拿走。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--dare
dare (敢)
的用法和其他動(dòng)詞有所不同。dare用于否定句或疑問句中時(shí)，其用法和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣，即dare本身無變化，后面所跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。如：
They dare not tell the truth.他們不敢說真話。
Dare he admit his mistake? 他敢于承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤嗎?
He dared say no more。他不敢再說了。
但是dare用在肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式可加to。如：
Young people should dare to think，dare to speak and dare to act.青年人要敢想、敢說、敢干。
[注一]在否定句或疑問句中，dare也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用助動(dòng)詞do來幫助，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式可帶to。如：
Do they dare to do it? 他們敢做這事嗎?
The enemy did not dare to come out after dark.敵人夜間不敢出來。
[注二]注意下面將兩種不同動(dòng)詞揉合在一起的說法。如：
I didn't dale come.我不敢來。
Who dares stop me? 誰敢阻攔我?
[英語語法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞--need
need(需要)
的用法與dare幾乎完全相同。即在否定句或疑問句中，和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣，本身無變化，后面用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式；在肯定句中時(shí)，和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶to，第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)加-s，并有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：
Need we return the magazines today?我們今天需要把雜志還回去嗎?
Every member needs to pay only a little money a year to get medical care.每個(gè)成員每年只需繳一點(diǎn)錢就可以得到醫(yī)療。
You need not write down your translation. You may do it orally. 你們不必寫下這個(gè)翻譯練習(xí)，口頭做就行了。
[注]與dare一樣，在否定句或疑問句里，need也可和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞相同，用助動(dòng)詞to do來幫助，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式必須帶to。如：
Do they need to take any tools with them? －No., they don't need to.他們需要帶工具嗎? --不需要。
He did not need to go there early that day. 那天他不必早去。
need后面有名詞作賓語時(shí)
完全用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，表示"需要"或"缺乏"某件事物。這時(shí)，它的變化和一般實(shí)義動(dòng)詞完全相同。如：
I need a dictionary.我需要字典。
You need a hair-cut. 你該理發(fā)了。
Do you need a fountain-pen? 你需要一支自來水筆嗎?
I don't need a new jacket. 我不需要一件新茄克衫。
Mary looks tried，she needs a rest. 瑪麗看上去累了，需要休息。
Needn't后加動(dòng)詞不定式(不帶to)的完成式時(shí)
指過去已做了但勿須做的動(dòng)作。如：
You needn't have watered the vegetables，as it is going to rain.你滿可以不必澆菜，天要下雨了。
You needn't have brought your umbrella. We are going by taxi你滿可以不必帶傘，我們要坐出租汽車去。
[注一]注意didn't have to和didn't nee to則常表示過去未做也勿須做的動(dòng)作。如：
I didn't have to interpret it for her，for she knows Chinese.我勿須為她翻譯，她懂漢語。
I didn't need to take a taxi； it is only five minutes walk to the station.到車站只須走五分鐘，我不需要坐出租汽車。
[注二] used to和had better也可看作是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞used to表示過去的習(xí)慣，但現(xiàn)在已無此習(xí)慣(would表過去習(xí)慣時(shí)則無此含義)。如：
When I was young，I used to play football.我小時(shí)常踢足球。
He didn't use to come. (或用usedn't to)他過去不常來。
Did he used to come? (亦可說used he to...?)他過去常來嗎?had better表可取，意為"應(yīng)該"或"最好"。如：
We had better go now. 我們最好走吧。
You'd better stop now.你現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該停下來。(對(duì)長輩不可用had better)
Hadn't we better go now? 我們現(xiàn)在走不好嗎?(had better一般不用于肯定疑問句)
[英語語法手冊(cè)]語氣概述
語氣及其種類
1)語氣(mood)語氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示講話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2)語氣的種類語氣可分為下列三種：
a)直陳語氣(indicative mood)表示講話人認(rèn)為他所說的話是一個(gè)事實(shí)。如：
There are two sides to every question.每個(gè)問題都有兩個(gè)方面。
Jinzhou is famous for its apples.錦州以產(chǎn)蘋果聞名。
Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.張思德同志對(duì)黨懷有深厚的愛。
b)祈使語氣(imperative mood)表示講話人對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求或命令。如：
Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.明天把練習(xí)本帶來。
Make yourself at home.請(qǐng)隨便，不要客氣。
Don't move! 不許動(dòng)!
Don't be late.不要遲到。
Be quiet! 請(qǐng)安靜!
c) 虛擬語氣 (subjunctive mood)。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]虛擬語氣 A
虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個(gè)事實(shí)，而只是一種愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、建議、猜測(cè)、可能或純粹的空想等。如：
If I were not so busy，I would go with you.假如我不太忙，我會(huì)和你一起去。(表示假設(shè))
I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在這兒就好了，他會(huì)知道怎樣把機(jī)器修好的。(表示愿望)
He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建議我們都去看電影。(表示建議)
虛擬語氣的動(dòng)詞形式
比較特殊，共有下列七種：
1)動(dòng)詞原形(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
2)動(dòng)詞的過去式(用于一切人稱和數(shù)，be的過去式用were)
3) had + 過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
4) should + 動(dòng)詞原形(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
5) should have + 過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
6) should (第一人稱)，Would(第二、三人稱) + 動(dòng)詞原形
7) should(第一人稱)，Would(第二、三人稱) + have + 過去分詞
[注]上述某些動(dòng)詞形式和直陳語氣的某些動(dòng)詞形式相同，但它們的用法及其所表示的時(shí)間概念則完全兩樣，二者切不可混淆。
虛擬語氣常用在表示條件的從句和表示結(jié)果的主句中。
虛擬語氣在條件從句和結(jié)果主句中的用法
1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的條件和結(jié)果，：如：
If I Were you， I should go and see the dentist at once. 假如我是你的話，我會(huì)馬上去看牙科醫(yī)生。
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. 假如沒有引力，我們就不能行走。
If they had time，they would study Italian too. 假如他們有時(shí)間的話，他們也會(huì)學(xué)意大利語的。
If She knew German，She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂德語，她就會(huì)讀馬克思和恩格斯的原著了。
He would tell me if he knew， but he does not，know anything about it. 假如他知道的話，他會(huì)告訴我的，但是他一點(diǎn)也不知道。
2)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的條件和結(jié)果。如：
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早知道你要來，我會(huì)去車站接你的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would have met him.要是你早來幾分鐘的話，你就見到他了。
If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great progress.她要是對(duì)自己要求不嚴(yán)格，她就不會(huì)有這樣大的進(jìn)步。
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned. 假如這孩子掉到冰窯里，他定會(huì)淹死了。
3)表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的條件和結(jié)果。其用法和表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的條件和結(jié)果相同。如：
If it Were Sunday tomorrow，my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天，我弟弟會(huì)去北海公園滑冰的。
If you dropped the glass，it would break.你如將杯子掉下來，它就會(huì)打碎的。
What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? －It Would bum.我若把紙放在火上會(huì)怎么樣?--紙就會(huì)燒著。
[注]在表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的條件從句中，亦可用were to + 動(dòng)詞原形(比較正式，常用于書面體中)和should + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：
If you were to come tomorrow，I might have time to see you.你如果明天來的話，我或許會(huì)有時(shí)間見你。
If I were to see her tomorrow，I would tell her about your decisions. 我明天如見到她，就把你的決定告訴她。
If it should rain tomorrow，what would we do?明天萬一下雨，我們?cè)趺崔k?
If you should meet George，tell him I want to see him.你如見到喬治，告訴他我要見他。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]虛擬語氣 B
不用if的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)
在筆語中，條件從句有時(shí)可以不用連詞小而把were，had或should移至主語之前。但如從句沒有were，had或should，則一般不能這樣做。如：
Should he come，tell him to ring me up.他要是來了，讓他給我打個(gè)電話。
Were I in your position，I would go.如果我處于你的地位，我就去。
Had they not helped us，our experiment would have failed. 如果沒有他們的幫助，我們的試驗(yàn)是會(huì)失敗的。
[注]有時(shí)虛擬條件不用條件從句而用介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式等來表示。如：
without contradiction nothing would exist. 沒有矛盾就沒有世界。
We could not have done the work well without your help.要是沒有你的幫助，我們不可能做好這工作。
It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.到頤和園去游泳，倒是個(gè)好主意。
All this would have been impossible ten years ago.這一切在十年前是不可能有的。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]虛擬語氣 C
虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)(不論從句或主句)�？捎们閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去式，即could，might，wou1d等加不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式或不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式完成式，來作謂語動(dòng)詞。這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除表示虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)外，本身還有獨(dú)立的意思。如：
If I were you，I Would go.我如果是你，我就愿意去。
If he were here，he might agree with you.假如他在這里，他可能會(huì)同意你。
I Would help you if I could. 假如我能夠的話，我一定幫助你。
If it had not been for their help，we could not have succeeded. 如果沒有他們的幫助，我們是不可能成功的。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]虛擬語氣 D
有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和結(jié)果主句中的動(dòng)作所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致
這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。如：
If he had followed the doctor's advice，he Would be quite all right now.他當(dāng)時(shí)若是聽醫(yī)生的話，現(xiàn)在就會(huì)痊愈了。(從句說明過去，主句說明現(xiàn)在)
If I were you，I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你，我會(huì)去看話劇了。(從句的時(shí)間包括現(xiàn)在，主句說明過去)
If you hadn't helped me，I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假若你沒有幫助我，我不可能按時(shí)完成工作，很可能現(xiàn)在還在干哩。(從句說
明過去，主句說明過去和現(xiàn)在)
用直陳語氣表示條件和結(jié)果
在現(xiàn)代英語里，多用直陳語氣表示條件和結(jié)果。直陳語氣的條件和結(jié)果所表示的往往是事實(shí)。如不是事實(shí)，其可能性也較虛擬語氣要大。如：
If it rains tomorrow，we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的話，我們就不出去。
The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你安靜地坐著，狗是不會(huì)咬你的。
If the train leaves at eight thirty，there is no time to lose. 火車如果是八點(diǎn)半開，我們得抓緊時(shí)間了。
If the rain stops，I'll go for a swim.要是雨停了，我就去游泳。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]虛擬語氣 E
省去從句或主句的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)
虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句或主句有時(shí)形式上可以省略，但意義上卻仍存在。
1)省去了條件從句的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或類似條件)
You might stay here forever.你可以永遠(yuǎn)呆在這里。(省去了if you wanted協(xié)或類似條件)
I would not have done it.我是不會(huì)做那件事的。(省去了if were you或類似條件)
[注]虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中省去的從句有時(shí)并不容易找出。如：
Who would have thought of it ? 誰會(huì)想到是這樣的呢?
2)省去了結(jié)果主句的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)(常用以表示愿望)。如：
If he were here!假如他在這里該多好啊!
If I had never married.如果我從未結(jié)婚就好了。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)也常用if only開頭。如：
If only I could help you! 假如我能幫助你，那該是多好啊!
If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年輕十歲該多好啊!
If you would only try harder!你如再努力一試就好了。(only亦可置于would等助動(dòng)詞之后)
[注]有時(shí)if only只表?xiàng)l件，不表愿望。如：
If only I had known earlier，I'd have sent you a telegram.我只要知道得早一點(diǎn)，就會(huì)拍電報(bào)給你了。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]虛擬語氣 F
虛擬語氣的其他用法
虛擬語氣用在主語從句中
在It is natural(necessary，strange，important) that...這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用should加動(dòng)詞原形。如：
It is quite natural that he should think so.他這樣想是很自然的事。
It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪，他沒有通知我們就走掉了。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必須馬上解決這個(gè)問題。
It is important that we should speak politely. 我們說話要有禮貌，這是很重要的。
It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism. 應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行批評(píng)與自我批評(píng)。
虛擬語氣用在賓語從句中
下列兩種賓語從句須用虛擬語氣：
1)在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句(常常省去連詞that)，表示不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。從句中的動(dòng)詞如用過去式，則表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反(如下面第一、二例句)；如用過去完成式，則表示與過去事實(shí)相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如：
I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是個(gè)飛行員。
I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是會(huì)操作這架機(jī)器該有多好啊! (= I'm sorry I don't know.)
I wish he hadn't gone.他要是沒走該多好!(= I'm sorry he has gone.)
We wish you had come to our New Year's party.我們真希望你來參加我們的新年聯(lián)歡會(huì)。(= but you did not)
動(dòng)詞wish如果是過去式，后面賓語從句的動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣形式不變，仍用過去式或過去完成式。如：
She wished she knew how to play golf. 她但愿會(huì)打高爾夫球。 (和過去事實(shí)相反)
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不這樣忘事該多好，那我就不會(huì)不去聽音樂會(huì)。(和過去的過去的事實(shí)相反)
[注]有時(shí)在賓語從句中可用would或might加動(dòng)詞原形，表示有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。如：.
I wish he，might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。
2)動(dòng)詞demand(要求)，suggest(建議)，order (命令)，insist(堅(jiān)持)，propose(建議)等后面的賓語從句，用should(用于所有的人稱)加動(dòng)詞原形來表示虛擬語氣。如：
I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建議今晚開個(gè)會(huì)。
The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提議我們討論這個(gè)問題。
Most students insist that they should have more English classes. 多數(shù)同學(xué)堅(jiān)持要多上英語課。
[注]這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往可不用should，尤其在美國，只用動(dòng)詞原形(用于所有的人稱)。如上面三例只用hold，discuss和have，不用should hold，should discuss和should have。又如：
I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建議進(jìn)行新的試驗(yàn)。
I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提議把這個(gè)問題馬上付表決。
虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中
由as if或as though所引導(dǎo)的狀浯從句表示比較或方式時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣。動(dòng)詞形式用動(dòng)詞的過去式(be用were)或had + 過去分詞。如：
My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child. 我母親照料這個(gè)孤兒像自己孩子一樣。
You speak as if you had really been there.你談得好像你真的到過那里似的。
注意下面句中的as if從句用作表語。如：
It looks as if it might rain，天好像要下雨似的。
[注]連詞lest和in case所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞亦用虛擬語氣。例見15.33和15.30
虛擬語氣用在定語從句中
It is time (that)…句型中的定語從句里的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬浯氣表示將來，動(dòng)詞形式用動(dòng)詞的過去式：意思是"該干某件事了，時(shí)間已經(jīng)有些晚了"。如：
It is time we left.我們?cè)撟吡恕?/DIV>
It is time we went to bed.我們?cè)撍X了：
It is time we summed up our results.我們?cè)摽偨Y(jié)我們的成績了。
虛擬語氣用在簡單句中
下面是虛擬語氣用在簡單句中較常見的兩種情況，皆表祝愿。如：
1)動(dòng)詞原形1ive用在Long live…中。如：
Long live the Communist Party of China! 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲!
Long live the people! 人民萬歲!
(1ive在此也是虛擬語氣的一種動(dòng)詞形式，不可改為lives)
2)May用在句子開頭(多用在正式的文體中)。如：
May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
May you be happy.祝你快樂。
May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就!
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 A
非限定動(dòng)詞
種類、意義和特征
1)非限定動(dòng)詞(verbal)有動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種。
2)非限定動(dòng)詞和限定動(dòng)詞的基本區(qū)別
a)限定動(dòng)詞在句子中可以單獨(dú)作謂語動(dòng)詞，非限定動(dòng)詞在句中則不能單獨(dú)作謂語動(dòng)詞。
b)限定動(dòng)詞的形式要與主語的人稱和數(shù)一致，而非限定動(dòng)詞的形式則不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。如：
He likes to sing
它他喜歡唱歌。
They like to sing.
他們喜歡唱歌。
限定動(dòng)詞like受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制，的形式與主語一致。第一句為likes，第二句為like。非限定動(dòng)詞sing則不受這種限制，它的形式不隨主語而改變。
The man walking in front was carrying a flag.
走在前面的人打著一面旗子。
The men walking in front were carrying flags.
走在前面的人們都打著旗子。
限定動(dòng)詞be受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，它的形式須與主語一致。第一句為was，第二句為were.非限定動(dòng)詞walking則不受主語的限制，它的形式不隨主語而改變。
3)非限定動(dòng)詞的雙重性
a)非限定動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞的特征：
(a)如果非限定動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，須有賓語。
(b)非限定動(dòng)詞可以由狀語來修飾。
(c)非限定動(dòng)詞仍有語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
b)非限定動(dòng)詞還有一些非動(dòng)詞的特征它相當(dāng)于名
詞、形容詞等，在句子里可以作這些詞類所能用作的句子成分。
非限定動(dòng)詞雙重性舉例：
He promised to do it tonight.他答應(yīng)今天晚上做。(非限定動(dòng)詞to do的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)在它有賓語"和狀語tonight它的非動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)在它用作promised的賓語。)
I am sorry to have disturbed you.我打擾你了，對(duì)不起。(to have disturbed是動(dòng)詞不定式to disturb的完成式，說明非限定動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)上的變化，這也是非限定動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)。)
I saw many people spreading manure in the fields.我看見許多人在地里施肥。(非限定動(dòng)詞spreading是現(xiàn)在分詞，它有賓語manure和狀語 in the fields。)
There is no time to be lost.必須抓緊時(shí)間。(to be lost是動(dòng)詞不定式to lose的被動(dòng)式，說明非限定動(dòng)詞有語態(tài)上的變化這也是非限定動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)。)
4)非限定動(dòng)詞短語帶有賓語或狀語的非限定動(dòng)詞
詞組，稱為非限定動(dòng)詞短語。如：
I have no time to finish that long novel this week.我本周沒有時(shí)間讀完那本長篇小說。(不定式短語)
Forgetting the past means betrayal.忘記過去就意味著背叛。(動(dòng)名詞短語)
Members wishing to see the play are requested to notify Li Min be fore Saturday.愿意看戲的會(huì)員請(qǐng)?jiān)谛瞧诹郧巴ㄖ蠲簟?
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 B
動(dòng)詞不定式
意義、形式和特征
1)基本概念和形式動(dòng)詞不定式(infinitive)是一種非限定動(dòng)詞，由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形所構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞不定式有動(dòng)詞的特征，同時(shí)也有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。
2)動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞特征
a)如果動(dòng)詞不定式是及物的，須有賓語。如：
He wants to study Japanese.他想學(xué)習(xí)日語。(動(dòng)詞不定式to study后面有賓語Japanese)
b)動(dòng)詞不定式可以被狀語修飾。如：
The rain continued to fall heavily.雨繼續(xù)下得很大。(動(dòng)詞不定式to fall后面有狀語heavily)
動(dòng)詞不定式加賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語，如上二例中的to study Japanese和to fall heavily。
3)動(dòng)詞不定式的非動(dòng)詞特征
用法動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，所以它在句子中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。
1)主語
To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危險(xiǎn)的。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他談話是一件非常愉快的事。
To die for the people is a glorious death! 為人民而死，雖死猶榮。
動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，往往放在謂語動(dòng)詞的后面，而在句首用引詞"作語法上的主語。上述兩句即可改為：
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
注意也常用"It is+形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式短語"這樣的句型：
It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必須訂一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)這門課程的計(jì)劃。
It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it. 小只要你花時(shí)間下功夫，學(xué)好一門外國語并不難。
It's just impossible to see that and not weep.看見那種情景而不哭是根本不可能的。(注意weep之前省去了to，以免重復(fù))
2)表語
Her wish is to become an astronaut.她的愿望是成為一名宇航員。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我們的計(jì)劃是在兩周內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
His only desire was to be useful to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一個(gè)對(duì)國家有用的人。
3)賓語有些及物動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。這些動(dòng)詞有want(想要)，wish(想望)，like(喜歡)，decide(決定)，help(幫助)，pledge(保證)，begin(開始)，forget(忘記)，learn(學(xué)習(xí))，ask(要求)等等。動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語。如：
He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做個(gè)山村教師。
Do you like to watch football matches? 你喜歡看足球賽嗎?
Learn to walk before you run.先學(xué)走后學(xué)跑。
We decided to make changes in our plan.我們決定把計(jì)劃做些修改。
動(dòng)詞不定式也可以用來作某些形容詞的賓語。這些形容詞通常只有ready(準(zhǔn)備好，愿意)，eager(急于)，anxious(急于)等，但為了學(xué)習(xí)上的方便，也可以包括able(能夠)，sure(一定)，glad(高興)，sorry(難過)，afraid(怕)，free(隨意)，pleased(高興)，determined(決心)，willing(愿意)等。如：
He is sure to succeed.他肯定會(huì)成功。
How do you do? I'm glad to meet you. 你好?見到你很高興。
The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.這些男孩子和女孩子渴望學(xué)會(huì)滑冰。
4)定語動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如：
He is always the first one to get up.他總是第一個(gè)起床。
I have a few words to say on this question。關(guān)于這個(gè)問題我有幾句話要說。
They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他們正在討論保證高產(chǎn)量的辦法。
After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum，millet and corn.清明節(jié)一過，正是播種高梁、谷子和玉米的時(shí)節(jié)。
5)狀語動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語時(shí)，一般放在它所修飾的動(dòng)詞之后。
a)表示目的
He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京學(xué)習(xí)。
He went to Paris to learn French.他去巴黎學(xué)法文。
[注一]強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式可變?yōu)閕n order to (為了)或so as to(以便)加動(dòng)詞原形。如：
We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我們經(jīng)常聽廣播，以便加強(qiáng)聽力訓(xùn)練。
In order to learn acupuncture，she practiced on herself every day.為了學(xué)習(xí)針灸，她每天在自己身上試驗(yàn)。(注意in order to可放在句首)
We must have good soil so as to grow roses.種玫瑰花要有好的土壤。
[注二]動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在句首，使其所表示的目的更加明顯突出。如：
To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.要成為好的教師一定要有好的教學(xué)方法。
To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves.為了保衛(wèi)祖國，我們必須自強(qiáng)不息。
[注三] 注意有些用作句子獨(dú)立成分的習(xí)慣語，如to begin with(首先)，to conclude(最后)，to be sure(當(dāng)然)，to tell you the truth(老實(shí)對(duì)你說)等。
b)表示結(jié)果
My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到親眼看到我的小女兒出生。
A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.幾年后他回到家里，發(fā)現(xiàn)故鄉(xiāng)的面貌大大地改變了。
[注一] 有時(shí)可以用too...to(太…而不能)結(jié)構(gòu)來表示"結(jié)果辦不到"。如：
He is too young to join the army.他太年輕了，不能參軍。
It was too cold，to go out last night.昨晚太冷，無法出去。
[注二] 動(dòng)詞不定式和only連用時(shí)，常表示未預(yù)料到的結(jié)果。如：
I went to see him only to find him out.我去看他，不料他出去了。
I hurried to the post office，only to find it was closed.我匆忙趕到郵局，不料已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 C
含有動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合賓語
動(dòng)詞不定式可用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓浯補(bǔ)足語�？捎羞@種復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)et(請(qǐng))，ask(請(qǐng)求)，order(命令)，persuade(說服)，advise(勸告)，like(喜歡)，want(想要)，tell(叫)，know(知道)help(幫助)，call on(號(hào)召，請(qǐng)求)，等等。如：
He got someone to repair the door.他請(qǐng)人修理門。
I persuaded my brother to change his mind.我說服我弟弟改變了主意。
The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫勸他好好休息。
在某些及物動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式須省掉too這些動(dòng)詞有：make(使)，let(讓)，see(見)，
watch(望)，hear(聽)，have(使)，feel(覺得)等。動(dòng)詞help后不定式的to可以省掉，也可以保留。如：
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古為今用，洋為中用。
He let me go home.他讓我回家。
We must have someone repair the refrigerator.我們必須叫人來修電冰箱。
I heard him speak in the next room.我聽到池在隔壁房間里講話。
Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes.媽媽正幫蓓蒂刷鞋子。
[注一]上述句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式的to仍須保留。如
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 D
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)由在不定式符號(hào)to之前加上not而成。如：
He decided not to go home.他決定不回家。
The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice.教師警告學(xué)生不要在薄冰上滑冰。
I told him not to open the door.我叫他不要開門。
疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式
疑問代詞who，what，which和疑問副詞when，where，how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成一種特殊的動(dòng)詞不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。如：
When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(作主語)
They told her where to find her little brother.他們告訴她到哪里找她的小弟弟。(作賓語)
The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise.老師教學(xué)生如何做練習(xí)。(作賓語)
He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation.他對(duì)如何提高英語語音想得很多。(作介詞的賓語)
動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"for + 名詞(或代詞賓格) + 動(dòng)詞不定式"
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的for本身無意義。名詞(或代詞賓格)形式上是for的賓語，但在邏輯上可以說是動(dòng)詞不定式的主語。這種不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句子里可作下列成分：
1)主語
For us to learn foreign languages is important.學(xué)習(xí)外語對(duì)我們來說是重要的。
在句中，for us在邏輯上是to learn foreign languages的主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，和簡單的動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，一般都用引詞訌來代表并放在句首，"for + 名詞 (或代詞賓格) + 不定式"則放在句末。如：
It is important for us to learn foreign languages.
It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我們必須相互學(xué)習(xí)。
2)表語
It is for you to decide.這得由你決定。
3)賓語
Can you arrange for a car to take us there?你能安排一輛汽車送我們到那里去嗎?
4)定語
There is a lo to work for us to do.有很多工作要我們?nèi)プ觥?/DIV>
5)狀語
The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop.警察吹哨要那幾輛大車停下來。(作目的狀語)
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 E
動(dòng)詞不定式一般式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系
1)動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：
I saw him go out.我看見他出去了。(saw與go out兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)
Would you help me put things in order before we leave?在我們離開之前，你幫我整理一下東西好嗎?(would help和put同時(shí)發(fā)生)
2)但在很多情況下，動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后；如：
I hope to see you again.我希望再見到你。(to see這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在hope之后)
The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.這男孩說他想做一個(gè)科學(xué)家。(to be在wanted之后)
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式
動(dòng)詞不定式通常有三種時(shí)態(tài)形式，現(xiàn)以write為例：
一般式to write進(jìn)行式to be writing
完成式 to have written
動(dòng)詞不定式完成式的用法
動(dòng)詞不定式完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在限定動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.對(duì)不起，叫你久等了。(to have kept發(fā)生在am所表示的時(shí)間之前)
She seems to have read the book before.她好像看過這本書。(to have read發(fā)生在seems所表示的時(shí)間之前)
The battery appears to have run down.這組電池好像已經(jīng)用完了。(to have run down發(fā)生在appears所表示的時(shí)間之前)
但在下面句子中，動(dòng)詞不定式表示"動(dòng)作沒有完成"：
We were to have met at ten.我們本來是約定十點(diǎn)鐘見面的。(結(jié)果未見面)
動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行式的用法
動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：
He see ms to be recovering.他看來在康復(fù)。
When he came in，I happened to be lying on the bed，reading. 他進(jìn)來的時(shí)候，我碰巧正躺在床上看書。
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 E
動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
動(dòng)詞不定式有兩種被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式：
一般式to be written
完成式to have been written
例：
The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.下-步要做的事是把土運(yùn)走。
No harm seems to have been done.似乎并沒有造成損害。
分裂不定式
有時(shí)在不定式符號(hào)"to"和動(dòng)詞原形之間插入一個(gè)副詞，這種現(xiàn)象叫做分裂不定式(split infinitive)。插入動(dòng)詞不定式的副詞，習(xí)慣上往往與不定式動(dòng)詞連在一起。如：
He likes to half close his eyes.他喜歡半閉著眼睛。
Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries.我們的目的是進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)兩國之間的友好關(guān)系。
At first he wasn't interested in bookkeeping，but later he began to actually like it.起初他對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)工作沒有興趣，但到后來倒喜歡起它來了
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 F
動(dòng)名詞
意義、形式和特征
1)動(dòng)名詞(gerund)為非限定動(dòng)詞的一種，由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞同形，動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征。
2)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞特征：
a)動(dòng)名詞可以有賓語。如：
I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那臺(tái)機(jī)器了。
b)動(dòng)名詞可以用狀語來修飾。如：
They have started working in the apple-orchard.他們已經(jīng)開始在蘋果園里勞動(dòng)了。
動(dòng)名詞加賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語，如上兩例中的
repairing that machine和working in the apple-orchard。
3)動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征 在句中可作主語、賓語等。如：
Getting up early is a good habit.起早是個(gè)好習(xí)慣。(動(dòng)名詞getting up作主語)
The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外賓喜歡看中國雜技。(動(dòng)名詞seeing作賓語)
用法動(dòng)名詞可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1)作主語：
Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.學(xué)習(xí)英語朗讀很重要。
Looking down on women is feudal ideology.輕視婦女是封建意識(shí)。
[注]在下面結(jié)構(gòu)中，亦可用引詞訌作形式主語，把意義上的主語即動(dòng)名詞放在句末。如：
It's no use over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也沒有用。(作無益的后悔沒有用)
It's no good talking about it.談也無用。
2)作表語：
Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂豬。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他愛好集郵。
[注] 動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，不可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)相混淆。試比較：
She was washing clothes. (過去進(jìn)行時(shí))
她正在洗衣服。
Her job was washing clothes. (動(dòng)名詞)
她的工作是洗衣服。
3)作賓語：
a)作直接賓語，用在begin，start，stop，finish，like等動(dòng)詞后面。如：
please stop talking.請(qǐng)不要講話。
You must practise reading English aloud.你應(yīng)練習(xí)朗讀英語。
b)作介詞的賓語。如：
My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜歡看小說。
We're tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我們對(duì)天天吃同樣的飯菜感到厭倦。
Instead of going to Zhongshan park，they went to the ZOO.他們沒有去中山公園，到動(dòng)物園去了。
Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以教書為生。
He was punished for stealing.他因偷盜受到懲罰。
4)作定語：
My father works in a printing shop.我的父親在一個(gè)印刷廠工作。
Our school built a swimming pool last summer.我們學(xué)校去年夏天修建了一個(gè)游泳池。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我們教師的教學(xué)方法很好。
動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)名詞否定結(jié)構(gòu)由not加動(dòng)名詞組成。如：
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.試驗(yàn)沒有成功也比不試驗(yàn)好。
He Hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己沒有用功。
動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
物主代詞或名詞所有格加動(dòng)名詞，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，物主代詞或名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語動(dòng)詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可用作主語、賓語等。如：
Your going there will help a lot.你到那里對(duì)事情將大有幫助。
(your going there作主語)
Please excuse my interrupting you.請(qǐng)?jiān)徫掖驍嗄恪?my interrupting you作excuse的賓語)
Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽煙嗎?(my smoking作mind的賓語)
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang's coming to see her.劉大娘很高興王來看她。(Wang's coming作介詞about的賓語)
We are looking forward to the expert's coming to speak to us.我們盼望那位專家來給我們作報(bào)告。(the expert's coming作look forward to的賓語)
[注]在口語中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞往往不用所有格，而用通格，代詞往往不用物主代詞，而用賓格，如上面第二、五兩句可改變?nèi)缦拢?/DIV>
Please excuse me interrupting you.
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her.
下面再舉幾例：
His father agreed to him becoming an engine-driver.他父親同意他做火車司機(jī)。
DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you?你還記得我和我母親來看你嗎?
Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太陽吸引海水而引起的。
動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)
1)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)動(dòng)名詞的一般式動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：
Children enjoy watching colour TV. 兒童喜歡看彩色電視。
(enjoy與watching同時(shí))
Would you mind opening the window and letting a little a air in?請(qǐng)你打開窗子，透透氣好嗎? (opening和letting發(fā)生在mind之后)
注意下面兩句中動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：
Do you remember cutting rice on the state farm? 你記得在國營農(nóng)場(chǎng)割水稻的事嗎? (cutting發(fā)生在remember之前)
I shall never forget seeing Lu Xun for the first time in 1932.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記一九三二年第一次見到魯迅的情景。(seeing發(fā)生在 forget之前)
3)動(dòng)名詞的完成式動(dòng)名詞的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很抱歉未能早點(diǎn)寫信給你。
His leg showed no symptom of having been injured.他的腿不像受過傷。
We were overjoyed at the news of China haying launched another man-made satellite.我們聽到中國又發(fā)射了一顆人造衛(wèi)星時(shí)都很高興。
動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞有兩種被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式：
一般式being written
完成式having been written
例：
This picture shows a child being beaten by a Japanese soldier.這張照片上一個(gè)孩子在遭到日本兵毒打。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.會(huì)議延期并未和他商量。
動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式的比較
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，兩者不同之點(diǎn)有：動(dòng)名詞前可用介詞，它還可被名詞(或代詞)所有格修飾；不定式前通常不用介詞，更不能被名詞(或代詞)所有格修飾。動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，有下列各點(diǎn)值得注意：
1)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作，在意義上比較一般和抽象，時(shí)間觀念不強(qiáng)，不指某一次動(dòng)作；動(dòng)詞不定式則常表示某個(gè)具體動(dòng)作。如：
The students like playing football.這些學(xué)生喜歡踢足球。(經(jīng)常性的愛好)
Would you like to play football this afternoon?你今天下午愿意踢球嗎?(指一次的動(dòng)作)
2)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語常常是句子里的-一個(gè)名詞或代詞，動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語，可能是句子里的名詞或代詞，但也可能指一般人或物。如：
She hates to trouble you.她不愿意麻煩你。(to trouble的邏輯主語是she)
She hates smoking.她不喜歡吸煙。(smoking的邏輯主語不一定是she，也可能是"別人")
3)有些動(dòng)詞，如：stop，remember，forget，后接動(dòng)名詞和后接動(dòng)詞不定式，其意義有所不同。試比較：
Stop talking.不要講話!(talking的賓語，指停止"講話"這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下來一想。(to think是目的狀語，指停下來，以便想一想)
I remember seeing him。我記得見過他。(已見過，指過去的動(dòng)作)
You must remember to post the letter.你不要忘了寄這封信。(還沒有寄，指未來的動(dòng)作)
4)某些及物動(dòng)詞后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞作為它的直接賓語，不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。其中常用的有finish(作完，結(jié)束)，avoid(避免)，enjoy(享受)，mind(在意，反對(duì))，insist on(堅(jiān)持)，object to(反對(duì))，give up(放棄)，practise (實(shí)踐，練習(xí))，put off(延期)等。如：
We all enjoy listening go Beethoven's symphonies.我們都喜歡聽貝多芬的交響樂曲。
We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises.我們應(yīng)在練習(xí)中避免犯語法錯(cuò)誤。
The doctor says I must give up smoking.醫(yī)生說我必須戒煙。
Would you mind repeating what you have just said?你重復(fù)一下你剛才說過的話好嗎?
5)某些及物動(dòng)詞后只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式作為它的直接賓語。常用的有want(要想)，wish(希望，想要)，hope(希望)，agree(同意)，promise(允諾)，mean(打算)，decide(決定)，expect(期望)，manage(設(shè)法)，pretend(假裝)等。如：
I hope to visit China again.我希望再訪問中國。
I wish to take this opportunity to make up for the lessons I have missed.我想趁此機(jī)會(huì)把拉下的課補(bǔ)上。
Teachers and students managed to set up a laboratory.師生設(shè)法修建了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
6)某些及物動(dòng)詞后可跟動(dòng)名詞也可跟動(dòng)詞不定式作它的直接賓語。其中常用的有begin(開始)，start(開始)，continue(繼續(xù))，like(喜歡)，hate(恨)，prefer(寧愿)等。如：
When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting?你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)打字的?
They continued working (to work) after the meal.他們飯后繼續(xù)工作。
二者形式相同。但動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)(有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)變化，可有賓語和狀語)，沒有復(fù)數(shù)，前面也不可用冠詞。名詞化的動(dòng)名詞(verbal noun)的用法則和一般名詞完全一樣：它沒有動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)，有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，前面可用冠詞。試比較：
She likes reading Jane Eyre.她喜歡讀《簡·愛》。(動(dòng)名詞)
The reading of The Dream of the Red Chamber took her about two weeks.她花了差不多兩周的時(shí)間讀完《紅樓夢(mèng)》。(名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
They started cleaning their room at six.他們六點(diǎn)鐘開始打掃房間。(動(dòng)名詞)
They gave the classroom a good cleaning.他們把教室很好地打掃了一下。(名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
reading閱讀(可用作動(dòng)名詞或名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
readings讀物(只能是名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
writing寫作(可用作動(dòng)名詞或名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
writings作品(只能是名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 G
動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞用作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別
動(dòng)名詞用作定語時(shí)，和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系，即它不是該名詞的動(dòng)作�，F(xiàn)在分詞用作定語時(shí)，則和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，它是該名詞的動(dòng)作。試比較：
reading materials閱讀材料(reading是動(dòng)名詞用作定語，邏輯上materials決非.reading的主語，reading materials = materials for reading。)
leading comrades領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志(1eading是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，邏輯上comrades是leading的主語，leading comrades= comrades who lead。)
動(dòng)名詞作定語的例子還有：
a reading-room閱覽室
drinking water飲用水
a writing course一門寫作課
a sleeping car臥車(火車中可以睡覺的車廂)
the getting-up bell起床鈴
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 H
分詞
意義和特征
1)分詞(participle)也是一種非限定動(dòng)詞，它兼有動(dòng)詞和形容詞的特征。
2)分詞可有賓語(僅限于現(xiàn)在分詞)或狀語，分詞和賓語或狀語一起構(gòu)成分詞短語。
形式
分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種�，F(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形后加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形后加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞無一定規(guī)則。
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要的區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時(shí)間關(guān)系上。
1)語態(tài)上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思，而過去分詞多由及物動(dòng)詞變來，表示被動(dòng)的意思。試比較：
surprising使人感到驚訝的(主動(dòng))
surprised自己感到驚訝的(被動(dòng)，即被驚訝的)
an exciting story一個(gè)令人興奮的故事(主動(dòng))
excited spectators激動(dòng)的觀眾(被動(dòng)，即被引起激動(dòng)的)
a moving film一部感動(dòng)人的影片。
A moved audience受感動(dòng)的觀眾
A tiring journey累人的旅行
A tired football player累了的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員
He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告訴我們?cè)S多有趣的事情。
She is interested in astronomy.她對(duì)天文學(xué)有興趣。
也有一些過去分詞是由不及物動(dòng)詞變來的，它們只表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已完成，沒有被動(dòng)的意味。如：
fallen leaves落葉
the exploded bomb已爆炸了的炸彈
a retired miner退休礦工
returned students歸國留學(xué)生
2)時(shí)間關(guān)系上不同：一般說來，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作，往往已經(jīng)完成。試比較：
the changing world正在變化著的世界
the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界
boiling water正在開的水
boiled water已經(jīng)煮開過的水(可能是涼開水)
developing countries發(fā)展中國家
developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國家
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 I
分詞和分詞短語的用法
1) 作定語作定語用的分詞如果是單詞，一般放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如：
I'm reading a very interesting book.我在讀一本很有趣的書。
He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜歡喝涼開水。
分詞短語作定語用時(shí)，一般皆放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。它的功用相當(dāng)于定語從句。如：
China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中國是一個(gè)發(fā)展中的社會(huì)主義國家，屬于第三世界。
(= which belongs to the Third World)
The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那個(gè)人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)
Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)的人多數(shù)沒有來。(= who were invited to the party.)
2)作表語
The opera is very moving and instructive.這個(gè)歌劇很動(dòng)人，且有教育意義。
The cups are broken.這些杯子是破的。
He is married.他已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了。
[注] 分詞作表語用時(shí)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，不可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。它們的形式相似，但可以從意義上加以辨別。試比較：
Lei Feng's spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷鋒的精神鼓舞著全國人民。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
His report is inspiring. 他的報(bào)告令人鼓舞。(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)
The road was completed by the PLA men.這條路是解放軍戰(zhàn)士修成的。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The road is completed.這條路已經(jīng)筑成。(過去分詞作表語)
3)作狀語分詞在意義上也可用作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、方式和伴隨情況等。
a)表示時(shí)間(在意義上往往相當(dāng)于表示時(shí)間的狀語從句)。如：
Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house.我從窗口望出去，看見成群的孩子們從房子前面走過。(= When I locked out of the window)
Heated，the metal expands.這種金屬加熱后即膨脹。(= When it is healed)
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打開抽屜，拿出一本詞典。(= He opened the drawer and took...這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是一個(gè)接著一個(gè))
[注]如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞短語與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系，分詞短語之前可用when或while等連詞。如：
While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)，I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工廠工作期間，從工人那里學(xué)到了很多東西。
When heated，the metal expands.這種金屬加熱后即膨脹。
b)表示原因(在意義上相當(dāng)于表示原因的狀語從句)。如：
Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldn't come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到
累，打電話說我不能去。(= Since I felt tired)
Thinking that Chinese medicine might help，he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中醫(yī)也許有效，于是到一家中醫(yī)醫(yī)院去治病。(= As he thought that...)
Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形勢(shì)的鼓舞下，他們更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by...)
c)表示方式、伴隨情況及結(jié)果(這種用法沒有相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z從句可以代替)。如：
He came running back to tell us the news.他跑著回來告訴我們這個(gè)消息。(方式)
She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那兒等公共汽車。(伴隨情況或方式)
The child fell，striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，頭在門上碰破了。(結(jié)果)
He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一聲把門關(guān)上。(伴隨情況)
The lichens came borne by storms.這些地衣是由暴風(fēng)雨帶來的。(方式)
分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由not后加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。如：
Not knowing what to do，she went to the teacher for help.她不知道該怎么辦，就去請(qǐng)老師幫助。
I left at noon，not staying for lunch.我是中午走的，沒有留下來吃午飯。
過去分詞表否定時(shí)，常借助un-等前綴表示。如：
The boy was left uncared for.那孩子無人照管。
含有分詞的復(fù)合賓語
分詞可作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語�？捎羞@種復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get等等。如：
We saw them walking across the road.我們看見他們穿過那條馬路。
We heard the children singing "I Love Beijing's Tian An Men"我們聽見孩子們唱《我愛北京天安門》。
I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我發(fā)現(xiàn)故鄉(xiāng)幾乎全部改建過了。
在have或get后面的復(fù)合賓語中，賓語補(bǔ)足語多是過去分詞，而它所表示的動(dòng)作又往往由別人所完成。如：
We must get the television set repaired.我們必須把電視機(jī)修好。(請(qǐng)別人修)
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫別人修的)
If we have shortcomings，we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我們?nèi)绻腥秉c(diǎn)，就不怕別人批評(píng)指出。(請(qǐng)別人指出)
但have的復(fù)合賓語中的過去分詞的動(dòng)作有時(shí)不一定由別人來完成，而是表自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。如：
He had his arm broken.他把手臂折斷了。(不是別人給弄折的，而是自己弄折的)
[注一]上述句子結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，除主語和賓語互換位置外，分詞不動(dòng)。如上面的第一、二例句即可變?yōu)椋?/DIV>
They were seen walking across the road.
The children were heard singing"I Love Beijing Tian An Men"。
[注二]現(xiàn)在分詞在復(fù)合賓語中和動(dòng)詞不定式在復(fù)合賓語中的意義稍有不同。后者指事情的全過程，目的在于僅僅說明發(fā)生了這件事；前者指正在繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作的一部分，目的在于將該動(dòng)作當(dāng)時(shí)進(jìn)行的情景呈現(xiàn)于讀者之前，其含義相當(dāng)于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：
I saw him go upstairs.我看見他上樓去了。(看見他上樓整個(gè)過程，只說明他上樓這件事)
I saw him going upstairs.我看見他走上樓的。(只看見他上樓這個(gè)動(dòng)作的一部分，說明他上樓的情景)
I was working in the room all morning· I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整個(gè)上午在房間工作，聽見有人敲隔壁房間的門。(聽見敲門整個(gè)過程)
When I went back to the room，I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房間時(shí)聽見她在隔壁房間練歌。(只聽見一部分，回房間前她已開始唱了)
[英語語法手冊(cè)]非限定動(dòng)詞 J
現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
過去分詞沒有時(shí)態(tài)形式的變化，所以這里只講現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式其所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前或后發(fā)生。如：
Working together with Dr. Bethune，we learnt a lot from him.
我們?cè)诤桶浊蠖鞔蠓蛞黄鸸ぷ髌陂g，向他學(xué)到很多東西。
(working與leamt同時(shí)發(fā)生)
Knowing that they were going abroad next week ，they began to make preparations.他們知道他們下星期要出國，所以都開始作準(zhǔn)備。(knowing發(fā)生在began之前)
He came up to me，saying"Glad to see you again."他來到我,跟前說道，"很高興又見到你。"(saying發(fā)生在came之后)
3)現(xiàn)在分詞完成式其所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，常常用作狀語，表示時(shí)間或原因。如：
Having done his homework，the schoolboy began to write his diary.這個(gè)小學(xué)生做完作業(yè)后，開始寫日記。(having done his homework發(fā)生在began之前，表示時(shí)間。)
Not haying done it right, I tried again.沒有做對(duì)，我就又試。
(not having done發(fā)生在 tried之前，表示原因。)
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般式being written
完成式haring been written
如：
This is one of the many dams being built the river.這是沿河修筑的許多水壩之一。
Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敵軍被包圍了，被迫投降。
Having been asked to stay，I couldn't very well leave.人家請(qǐng)我留下，我就不好離開了。
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(absolute construction)
分詞短語所表示的動(dòng)作在邏輯上有主語，這種主語皆可在同一句中找到。如：
The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.站在那邊的年輕婦女是我們新的英語老師。(分詞短語standing over there的邏輯主語是 the young woman)
Having finished his work，he went out to play volleyball.他做完工作后，出去打排球。(having finished his work的邏輯主語是he)但有時(shí)分詞短語有它自己的獨(dú)立的主語，這種主語常常是名詞或代詞(主格)，放在分詞短語之前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫做獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常用作狀語，多用在書面語中。如：
The dark clouds having dispersed，the sun shone again.烏云已散去，太陽又普照大地了。(時(shí)間狀語)
We shall thresh the wheat，weather permitting.天氣好的話，我們就打麥。(條件狀語)
Their room was on the first floor，its broad window overlooking the park.他們的房間在二層樓上，房間里的寬大的窗戶俯視著公園。(伴隨情況狀語，the first floor在英國指第二層樓，在美國指第一層，其余可類推。)
We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我們加倍努力工作，一人干兩人的活。(方式)
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all.幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，銀是最好的導(dǎo)體。(伴隨情況)
The meeting over，we all left the room.會(huì)議結(jié)束以后，我們就都離開了房間。(時(shí)間狀語，注意over之前省去了being)
This done，we went home.做完此事，我們就回家了。(時(shí)間狀語)
She gazed，her hands clasped to her breast.她雙手*在胸前凝視著。
[注一]有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句中沒有邏輯上的主語。它們往往已經(jīng)變成習(xí)慣用語，必須熟記。如：
Generally speaking，this book is not very difficult.總的說來，這本書并不很難。
Judging from what you say，he has done a very good job.從你的話看來，他的工作做得很不錯(cuò)。
Considering that he has been in china for only a year，he speaks Chinese well.考慮到他到中國才一年，他的中國話講得很不錯(cuò)了。
類似的習(xí)慣用語尚有talking of (談起)，speaking of (談到)等引導(dǎo)的分詞短語。
[注二]英語里還有一種較口語化的"with + 名詞或代詞賓格 + 分詞 (或形容詞、介詞短語)"結(jié)構(gòu)，也往往作狀語用，表示伴隨情況。如：
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒有熄燈就睡著了。
She gazed with her hands clasped to her breast.她雙手*在胸前凝視著。
上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞亦可用形容詞或介詞短語代替。如：
He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.他即使在冬天也開著窗戶睡覺。
A girl carte in with a book in her hand.一位姑娘手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。(在筆語中，也可說：A girl came in，book in hand.)
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